Rush maintained that "Man is as necessarily a praying as he is a sociable, domestic, or religious animal. As 'no man liveth and sinneth not,' so no man liveth and prayeth not . . . . Prayer is an instinct of nature in man, as much so as his love of society." When his son James was departing for Edinburgh to follow his father's footsteps in the study of medicine, the elder Rush instructed him to "[c]ommit yourself and all that you are interested in daily to the protection of your Maker, Preserver, and bountiful Benefactor." He also urged James to follow his own practice of setting everything else aside and "[a]ttend public worship . . . on Sundays" and "[r]ead the Bible only on Sundays."22 
[Part 2 will appear next week.]
NOTES
l. The summary given here is indebted to the author's previously published work, esp. Ellis Sandoz, A Government of Laws: Political Theory, Religion, and the American Founding, 2nd ed. (1990; rev. ed., Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 151-56 and passim; also Ellis Sandoz, ed., The Roots of Liberty: Magna Carta, Ancient Constitution, and the Anglo-American Tradition of Rule of Law (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993), 1-21; and Ellis Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, 1730-1805, 2 vols., 2nd ed. (1991; repr., Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998); and Ellis Sandoz, The Politics of Truth and Other Untimely Essays: The Crisis of Civic Consciousness (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999).
2. Irving Brant, James Madison: The Virginia Revolutionist (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 80-85, 94.
3. Federalist No. 2 as in The Federalist, ed. Jacob E. Cooke (Middletown, CT:Wesleyan University Press, 1961), 9.
4. Richard D. Brown, "Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View,"William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 33 (1976): 465-80, at 466. The educational ideas of the founders and founding period are explored in many places, and especially the following may be mentioned: Bernard Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society: Needs and Opportunities for Study (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1960); Robert Middlekauff, "A Persistent Tradition: The Classical Curriculum in Eighteenth-Century New England," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 18 (1961): 54-67; Eugene F. Miller, "On the American Founders' Defense of Liberal Education in a Republic," Review of Politics 46 (1984): 65-90; and Lorraine Smith Pangle and Thomas L. Pangle, The Learning of Liberty: The Educational Ideas of the American Founders (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993).
5. Richard M. Gummere, Seven Wise Men of Colonial America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), v. Italics added.
6. David Ramsay, The History of the American Revolution [Philadelphia, 1789],ed. Lester H. Cohen, 2 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1990), 1:26-27.
7. Donald S. Lutz, "Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought," American Political Science Review 78 (1984):189-97.
8. Quoted by H. Richard Niebuhr, "The Idea of Covenant and American Democracy," Church History 22 (1954): 130.
9. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence, 2 vols, in 1 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1969), 293, 295, 303.
10. Ibid., 432.
11. Cf. George Orwell, 1984 (1949; repr., New York: New American Library, Signet Classics, 1961), "Appendix: The Principles of Newspeak": "The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible" (246).
12. John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, June 28, 1813, in The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams, ed. Lester J. Cappon, 2 vols, in 1 (1959; repr., New York: Simon & Schuster/Clarion Books, 1971), 1:339-340. Some emendation of punctuation and capitalization from the original text.
13. Collected and annotated along with all other relevant sources pertaining to Jefferson's religious views in Dixon W. Adams, ed., Jefferson's Extracts from the Gospels: "The Philosophy of Jesus" and "The Life and Morals of Jesus" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983).
14. Quoted from Sandoz, GOL, 149.
15. Brant, James Madison: The Virginia Revolutionist, 118 and chap. 6 passim.
16. Ibid., 120; Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, 9 vols. (New York: G. Putnam's Sons, 1900-10), 9:203-207.
17. Maud Wilder Goodwin, Dolly Madison (New York: Charles Scribner, 1896), 275-76.
18. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1, Jefferson the Virginian (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), 52; cf. pp. 274-85.
19. Cf. Anson P. Stokes, Church and State in the United States, 3 vols. (New York: Harper, 1950), 1:499-507; see Helen Gripe, Thomas Jefferson and Music (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1974), 24-26.
20. For sources and discussion see Sandoz, GOL, 148 and passim.
21. Benjamin Rush, A Plan for the Establishment of Public Schools and the Diffusion of Knowledge in Pennsylvania; to Which Are Added, Thoughts upon the Mode of Education, Proper in a Republic (Philadelphia, 1786), repr. in American Political Writing during the Founding Era, 1760-1805, ed. Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz, 2 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1983), 1:675-92, at 681.
22. George W. Corner, ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush; His "Travels Through Life," together with his Commonplace Book for 1789—1813 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), 339, 280-81. In the internal quote Rush paraphrases Ecclesiastes 7:20.
