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Editor's Introduction
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I
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Part Seven. The New Order
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1. The National State
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47
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§1. Tabula Rasa
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47
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| a. Man Alone
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| b. The Symbol of Natural Right
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| c. The Symbol of Science
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| d. The Problems of the New Era
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§2. In Search of Order
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52
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| a. The State of Violence—Grotius's De Jure Belli
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| b. The Regulation of Violence—Subjects in International Law
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| c. The Authority of Rulership
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| d. Nature—The Essence of Man
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| e. Grotius—The Model Man
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| f. The Rules of Nature
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| g. Grotius and Epicurus
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§3. Hobbes
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59
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| a. Comparison with Machiavelli and Bodin—The Problem of Realism
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| b. The Analysis of Pride
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| aa. The Mechanical Structure of Man
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| bb. Loss of the Fruitio Dei
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| cc. Fruitio Hominis
—The Contemplation of Power
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| dd. Madness
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| c. The Analysis of Fear of Death
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| d. The Natural Law Concepts
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| e. The Analysis of Commonwealth and Person
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| f. Perfection of the Legal Closure of the State
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| g. Perfection of the Spiritual Closure of the State
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| h. Control of Opinion
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| i. Summary: Movement from Below and Pressure from the Top
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2. The English Revolution
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73
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§1. The English Situation
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73
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§2. James I
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74
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§3. The Clash with Court and Parliament
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76
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§4. The Church Constitution—The Mayflower Compact
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76
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§5. The Restriction of Royal Power
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78
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§6. The Trend toward Sovereignty of Parliament
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79
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§7. The Covenants
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79
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§8. The
Solemn Engagement of the Army
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80
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§9.
The Agreement of the People
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81
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§10. The Issues of the Franchise
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83
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§11. The Charge against Charles I—The Declaration of Independence
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84
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§12. Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, Rhode Island
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85
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§13. Milton
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92
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§14. Winstanley
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96
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§15 Harrington
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100
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3. Cromwell
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104
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§1. The Wars of the Fronde—State vs. Estates
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104
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§2. The Continent and England—State and the Stateless Political Society
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106
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§3. The Parliament and the State of England
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108
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§4. The Position of Cromwell
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110
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§5. Cromwell and the Will of God
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110
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§6. The Politics of Cromwell
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112
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4. Fronde and Monarchy in France
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115
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§1. The Parlement
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115
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§2. The Cardinal de Retz
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118
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§3. Louis XIV
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121
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5. Spinoza
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126
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§1. Orientalism
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126
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§2. The Program of the
De Intellectus Emendatione
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127
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§3. Mysticism
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128
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§4. Esotericism
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129
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§5. Hobbes and Spinoza
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130
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§6. Theory of Power
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131
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§7. Liberalism
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133
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§8. The Project of Government
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134
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§9. The Oath
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135
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6. Locke
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137
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§1. TheContract Theory
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137
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§2. The Theory of Limited Monarchy
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138
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§3. The Relation with Richard Hooker
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140
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§4. The Victorious Puritan
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140
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§5. Locke's Writings on Toleration
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141
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§6. Toleration and the New Pattern of Revolution
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142
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§7. Facets of Toleration in the Seventeenth Century
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144
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§8. The Lord's Dutch Lunch
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145
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§9. God: The Proprietor of Man
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145
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§10. Man: The Proprietor of Himself
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147
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§11. The Civil State—Money and Differentiation of Property
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149
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§12. The Equal Protection of Inequality
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150
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§13. Spiritual Disease—The Revolution-Breeding Element
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151
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7. Intermission
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153
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§1. The First Cycle: Order Against Spirit
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153
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§2. The Second Cycle: The Reassertion of Spirit
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155
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§3. Spleen and Skepticism
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157
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| a. The Skepticism of Hume
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| b. Reason and Sentiment
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| c. Propensities of a Gentleman Spleen
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| d. The Social Function of Skeptical Reflection
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| e. Sympathy and Convention
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§4. Montesquieu
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162
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| a. Atmosphere of Montesquieu
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| b. The Anthropological Question
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| c. The People—Esprit de Lois
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| d. Contents of the Esprit des Lois
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| e. A New Sense of History—National Destiny
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| f. The Idea of a Free Government
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§5. The Enlargement of the Geographical Horizon:
The Biological Diversification of Mankind
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169
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| a. Knowledge of New Worlds—Beginning Sentiment of Relativity
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| b. The Travel Literature—Buffon's Histoire naturelle
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| c. The System of Human Races
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| d. Racial Diversification and Unity of Mankind
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| e. The Geographical and Historical Horizons
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Part Eight. Last Orientation
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Introductory Remarks
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175
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1. Phenomenalism
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178
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§1. Phenomenalism and Science
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178
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| a. Scientism
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| b. Phenomenalism and Materialism
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| c. Definitions
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| d. Pascal and Phenomenal Speculation
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| e. Biological Phenomenalism
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| f. Economic Phenomenalism
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| g. Psychological Phenomenalism
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| h. Combination of Types
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2. Schelling
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193
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§1. The Realist in an Age of Disintegration
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193
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| a. Social Isolation of the Realist
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| b. Philosophical Dilettantism
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| c. Rationalism
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| d. Partiality and Inversion
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| e. Ineffectiveness of the Realist
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| f. The Influence of Schelling
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§2. Elements of Schelling's Position
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200
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| a. Descartes and Post-Cartesian Speculation
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| b. Critique of the Age
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| c. The Aphorisms on Reason
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§3. Schelling's Speculation
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204
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| a. Return to Bruno
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| b. Return to Kant
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| c. Immersion into the Substance of the Universe
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| d. The Potenzenlehre
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§4. Historical Existence: The Key to Speculation
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210
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| a. Historical Existence
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| b. The Anamnetic Dialogue
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| c. Anamnesis and History
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| d. Schelling and Hegel
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§5. Orgiastic Existence
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214
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§6. Promethean Existence
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217
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| a. The Double Life
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| b. The Inner Return
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| c. Melancholy and Grace
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§7. Political Existence
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222
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| a. The Intelligible Order of Being
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| b. State and Church—The Covenant of the Peoples
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| c. Ideal and Idea
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| d. The Polis—The Third Dionysus
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| e. Mystery and Eschatology
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| f. The Third Christianity—Christ and Dionysus
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§8. Nirvana
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233
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§9. Conclusion
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236
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| a. The New Level of Consciousness
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| b. A Comparison: Realism and Eschatological Indulgence
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| c. Summary
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| d. The End of an Epoch
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3. Note on Hölderlin
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243
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4. Nietzsche and Pascal
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251
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Index
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305
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